New Edition Booklet: The Truth About Reiki, Chakras, & Energy Healing

Lighthouse Trails is pleased to release our latest topical booklet, the 2026 Second Edition of The Truth About Reiki, Chakras, & Energy Healing written by Ray Yungen and the Editors at Lighthouse Trails. Originally titled The Truth About Energy Healing, this new edition includes updates and an appendix: Tantric Spirituality and the Evangelical Church. The booklet is 18 pages long and sells for $1.95 for single copies. Quantity discounts are available. Our booklets are designed to give away to others or for your own personal use. Below is the content of this new booklet. To order copies of The Truth About Reiki, Chakras, & Energy Healing in booklet format, click here. 

By Ray Yungen and the Editors at Lighthouse Trails

Editor’s Note: Since the release of the first edition of this booklet in 2013, there has been a growing acceptance of mystical practices, including energy healing, Reiki, and even chakras. One week in May of 2026, the Lighthouse Trails office received two phone calls from two unrelated readers: one from a reader in Wisconsin and one from Ohio. We were shocked to hear that in both situations, a leader at the church the person attended had recently led a class and was promoting the chakras in the class.

Shortly before Ray Yungen passed away in 2016, he told our editors that because Yoga had now entered into so many churches, he predicted that the next thing would be energy healing and Reiki. It wasn’t too long after he said this that we began getting reports that Christian church members were involved with Reiki and other forms of energy healing. And now, it appears that chakras (which is full-blown occultic New Ageism) are entering today’s Christian church. We believe this will lead to an incomprehensible degree of Satanic spiritual deception in the church.

Chakras and Energy Healing

Former New Age follower, Caryl Matrisciana wrote this in her book, Out of India:

Today, various types of energy healing pervade the medical/health field. The spirituality behind it is based on the Hindu chakra system, which includes use of psychic powers (through the third eye, opened at the sixth chakra) and ultimately embracing the divinity of man (at the seventh chakra). This is why chakra-based healing energy can never be divorced from the New Age movement; the two are inseparable. The numerous methods using healing energy go by a variety of names: Therapeutic Touch, Healing Touch, Reiki, Pranic Healing, Quantum Touch, and Deeksha (the Oneness Blessing).1

In the book, Forever Fit, singer/actress Cher speaks of a friend of hers who is a metaphysical “healer”:

She heals with her hands and, boy, if she puts her hands on you, you know you’ve been touched. Even near your body you feel it. It’s simply unbelievable. But she is truly tuned in to some kind of higher power.2

New Agers and occultists believe that man has more than one body, that there are other invisible bodies superimposed on the physical body. They refer to one of these as the etheric body and believe there lies within it energy centers called chakras (pronounced shock-ras). The term chakra means whirling wheel in Sanskrit, the ancient Hindu language. They were seen by those with clairvoyant powers as spinning balls of psychic energy. It is taught that there are seven chakras, which start at the base of the spine and end at the crown chakra at the top of the head.

Each chakra is supposed to have a different function corresponding to certain levels of awareness. The chakras act as conduits or conductors for what is called kundalini or serpent energy. They say this force lies coiled but dormant at the base of the spine like a snake. When awakened during meditation, it is supposed to travel up the spine activating each chakra as it surges upward. When the kundalini force hits the crown chakra, the person experiences enlightenment or Self-realization. This mystical current results in the person knowing himself to be God. That is why kundalini is sometimes referred to as the divine energy. According to New Age proponents, all meditative methods involve energy and power, and the greater the power, the greater the experience.

Basically, what all energy healing entails is opening up the chakras through meditation or transferring the kundalini power from someone already attuned to it:

At the sixth chakra, a person opens to a higher level of intuition and inner guidance. At the seventh, the person feels a sense of merging with Spirit.3

I want people to know that energy healing is fundamentally supernatural in nature. It is not based on something physically tangible as massage or chiropractic. The chakras are not something you can open up surgically and look at like you can the physical organs like the heart or spleen.

The chakra system is the basis for virtually all energy-healing techniques. In energy-healing, the power is channeled into the patient, thus bringing about the desired wellness and wholeness of the person receiving it. Currently, there are a number of energy-healing systems. Although they have different names, the energy that they use is from the same source.

Reiki

One of the fastest growing New Age healing techniques being used today is Reiki, (pronounced ray-key), a Japanese word which translates as universal life energy or God energy. It has also been referred to as the Radiance Technique. Reiki is an ancient Tibetan healing system which was rediscovered by a Japanese man in the 1880s and has only fairly recently been brought to the West.

The technique consists of placing the hands on the recipient and then activating the energy to flow through the practitioner into the recipient. One practitioner describes the experience in the following way:

When doing it, I become a channel through which this force, this juice of the universe, comes pouring from my palms into the body of the person I am touching, sometimes lightly, almost imperceptibly, sometimes in famished sucking drafts. I get it even as I’m giving it. It surrounds the two of us, patient and practitioner.4

One obtains this power to perform Reiki by being attuned by a Reiki master. This is done in four sessions in which the master activates the chakras, creating an open channel for the energy. The attunement process is not made known for general information, but is held in secrecy for only those being initiated.

One of the main reasons Reiki has become so popular is its apparently pleasurable experience. Those who have experienced Reiki report feeling a powerful sense of warmth and security. One woman, now a Reiki master, remarked after her first encounter: “I don’t know what this is you’ve got but I just have to have it.”5 People don’t make such comments unless there is an appeal involved. A successful business woman gives Reiki the following praise:

Reiki should be available through every medical, chiropractic and mental health facility in this country. Your fees are a small price to pay for such impressive results. I don’t know how Reiki works, but it works; that’s all that counts in my book.6

New Age teaching tells us that once someone is attuned he or she can never lose the power; it is for life. Even distance is not a barrier for the Reiki energy, for the channeler may engage in something called absentee healing, in which the energy is sent over long distances, even thousands of miles. One master relates:

Just by having the name or an object of the person or perhaps even a picture in your hand, you can send Reiki to them to wherever they are in the world.7

A 2008 survey by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) determined that 1.2 million adults and over 161,000 children in the United States had received Reiki treatments.8 In many cases, these treatments are by people who treat or work with others on a therapeutic basis, such as health professionals, body workers, chiropractors, and counselors. Despite its bizarre and unconventional nature, Reiki has struck a chord with an incredible number of average people. In Europe alone, the number of people accepting Reiki is very substantial. One Reiki master claims that in the thirteen years she lived in Europe she alone initiated 45,000 people into Reiki as channelers.9* (In 2026, one source stated, “There are over 1805 Reiki practitioners in the US. . . . The International Center for Reiki Training estimates that more than 4 million people have studied Reiki”10)

What Reiki is really about is using this power to transform others into New Age consciousness. As one Reiki leader states:

It also makes a level of spiritual transformation available to non-meditators, that is usually reserved for those with a meditative path.11

Statements like this reveal that Reiki is in line with all the other New Age transformation efforts. It changes the way people perceive reality. Most practitioners acknowledge the truth of this. A German Reiki channeler makes this comment:

It frequently happens that patients will come into contact with new ideas after a few Reiki treatments. Some will start doing yoga or autogenous training or start to meditate or practice some other kind of spiritual method. . . . Fundamental changes will set in and new things will start to develop. You will find it easier to cast off old, outlived structures and you will notice that you are being led and guided more and more.12

What concerns me is that Reiki apparently can be combined with regular massage techniques without the recipient even knowing it. A letter in the Reiki Journal reveals:

Reiki is a whole new experience when used in my massage therapy practice. Massage, I thought, would be an excellent tool to spread the radiance of this universal energy and a client would benefit and really not realize what a wonderful growth was happening in his or her being (emphasis mine).13

Of all the New Age practices and modalities, Reiki holds the title to being the most intriguing and perhaps eerie one. This is brought out in the following observations made by one of the leading Reiki masters in the country. He reveals:

When I looked psychically at the energy, I could often see it as thousands of small particles of light, like “corpuscles” filled with radiant Reiki energy flowing through me and out of my hands. It was as though these Reiki “corpuscles” of light had a purpose and intelligence.14

Since Reiki is not something taught intellectually, even children can be brought into it. In one Reiki magazine, I found an ad that was offering a Children’s Reiki Handbook: A Guide to Energy Healing for Kids. The book is described as a “guide that provides kids with what they need to prepare for their first Reiki Attunement.”15

Therapeutic Touch

Therapeutic touch is another widespread healing technique. This method was developed and promoted by Dr. Delores Krieger, a professor of nursing at New York University.

While Reiki is obtained by being attuned by a master, therapeutic touch is acquired by standard metaphysical meditation commonly referred to as centering. Teachers of therapeutic touch readily acknowledge that “centering is probably the most important part of the entire process.”16 A practitioner relates that when she first encountered therapeutic touch in graduate nursing school, it was “the craziest, kookiest stuff I’d ever seen or heard.” This skepticism did not last. She explains:

I got through the semester, though, and in the process Dr. Krieger performed the procedure on me. It was then I knew something very real was going on, so I continued to learn about it, and practice it.17

Like the others, she attributes this power to “the individual Higher Self”18 and feels that this type of healing is not just for the body, but is also “very spiritual.”19

Hands of Light

In her highly acclaimed book, Hands of Light, healer Barbara Ann Brennan lays out the dynamics of such practices as Reiki and therapeutic touch.

A color image in her book shows a drawn picture of a woman doing energy healing on another woman. On each side of the healer are two faceless figures that fit the description of the beings of light spoken of in chapter one of my book For Many Shall Come in My Name. The picture reveals that the power is coming from the two “entities” whom Brennan describes as “the guides.”20 Brennan explains that:

The healer must first open and align herself with the cosmic forces. This means not only just before the healing, but in her life in general.21

These “cosmic forces” also have names. Brennan tells of an exchange between herself and a spirit being (who calls himself “Heyoan”) who reveals to her: “Enlightenment is the goal; healing is a by-product.”22 What he meant by this is that the forces behind energy healing are really pushing the man-is-God view and any physical benefits are just the bait.

Anyone considering undergoing any chakra-based energy therapy should first seriously consider Brennan’s sobering revelation that “I and Heyoan are one.”23

Conclusion

Christians need to be aware for the sake of their families that energy healing is something that poses the potential to greatly impact anyone in their circle of friends or loved ones. In one Reiki magazine, I found an advertisement for a Reiki teddy bear, which said: “This teddy bear can be infused with Reiki energy and given to a child.”24 This is a stunning illustration that New Age influence should not be dismissed as mere silliness. It is anything but silly!

 To order copies of The Truth About Reiki, Chakras, & Energy Healing in booklet format, click here. 

**Continue below endnotes for part two of this booklet on Tantric Spirituality.**

Endnotes:

  1. Caryl Matrisciana, Out of India (Eureka, MT: Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2008, 4th printing 2017), p. 159.
  2. Robert Hass and Cher, Forever Fit (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1991), p. 165.
  3. Joy Gardner-Gordon, Pocket Guide to Chakras (Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press, 1998), p. 13.
  4. “Healing Hands” (New Woman Magazine, March 1986), p. 78.
  5. Joyce Morris, “The Reiki Touch” (The Movement Newspaper, October 1985).
  6. Barbara Ray, Ph.D., The Reiki Factor (Smithtown, NY: Exposition Press, 1983), p. 63.
  7. Vincent J. Barra, “Psychic Healer Transmits Reiki Energy” (Meditation Magazine, Summer 1991), p. 31.
  8. Angela Berscheid, “How Many Individuals Practice Reiki? (ABCAcupuncture, April 9, 2026, https://abcacupuncture1.com/how-many-individuals-practice-reiki.html).
  9. Mari Hall, “Reiki and the Adventure of My Life” (Reiki News Magazine, Summer 2006), p. 14.
  10. Paula Horan, Empowerment Through Reiki (Wilmot, WI: Lotus Light Publications, 1990), p. 9.
  11. Angela Berscheid, “How Many Individuals Practice Reiki?, op. cit.
  12. Bodo J. Baginski and Shalila Sharamon, Reiki Universal Life Energy (Mendocino, CA: Life Rhythm, 1988), pp. 33, 49-50.
  13. “Sharings” (The Reiki Journal, Vol. VI, No. 4, October/December 1986), p. 17.
  14. William Lee Rand, “The Nature of Reiki Energy” (Reiki News Magazine, Autumn 2000), p. 5.
  15. Reiki News Magazine, Spring 2006, p. 43.
  16. D. Scott Rogo, “The Potentials of Therapeutic Touch,” Interview with Janet F. Quinn, Ph.D., R.N. (Science of Mind, May 1988), p. 14.
  17. Ibid., p. 83.
  18. Ibid., pp. 83-84.
  19. Ibid., p. 87.
  20. Barbara Ann Brennan, Hands of Light (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1987), p. 171.
  21. Ibid., p. 187.
  22. Ibid., p. 182.
  23. Ibid.
  24. Reiki News Magazine, Spring 2004, p. 12.

Tantric Spirituality and the Evangelical Church —A Dangerous Mystical “Marriage”

By the Editors at Lighthouse Trails

The Bible says we live in a “crooked and perverse” world and that as believers we are to “shine as lights in the world” (Philippians 2:15). The closer we move toward the “end of the age” (Matthew 24), the darker and more perverse the world becomes. Global peace plans, interfaith movements, mystical spiritualities, and other carnal-induced plots will not help the world’s woes. Jesus said, “I am come a light into the world, that whosoever believeth on me should not abide in darkness” (John 12:46). As the world moves further away from Jesus Christ, the darkness only grows. A person can never escape that darkness without Jesus Christ living in him or her . . . all these other attempts are futile.

The New Age movement has now permeated all areas of our society: The business world, healthcare, education, religion, and entertainment. Virtually nothing has been untouched by the tentacles of this occultic, meditation-driven spirituality, and it has entered the Christian church largely through contemplative prayer (i.e., Spiritual Formation). But there is another area that mysticism has united with . . . and that is the sexual realm. The marriage of the two is referred to as tantra (or tantric sex), and before you stop reading this article, thinking “What has sex got to do with exposing contemplative and the New Age?,” we must tell you with all soberness, this mystical sexuality is growing faster by the day, and it may ultimately affect the lives of countless Christians. Why? Because Christianity at large is going in a mystical direction, thanks to countless Christian leaders, pastors, and authors; and within the realms of these mystical states, many will be introduced to tantra.

We decided to write this article on tantra after a Christian woman contacted us and told us (after seeing tantra mentioned in a description of For Many Shall Come in My Name) that her Christian husband (who is in leadership in a large Christian movement) was being enticed with tantric sex. Ray Yungen explains about tantra and its relevance today:

Tantra is the name of the ancient Hindu sacred texts that contain certain rituals and secrets. Some deal with taking the energies brought forth in meditation through the chakras and combining them with love-making to enhance sexual experiences.

Once completely off-limits to the masses of humanity, tantra, like all other New Age methodologies, is now gaining increasing popularity. A Google search on the Internet shows 6,600,000 entries for the word tantra! This union of sexuality and Eastern spirituality is a perfect example to illustrate just how much the New Age has permeated our society as it has affected even the most intimate areas of people’s lives.
The potential to impact a very great number of people, especially men, was brought out in an article by a sex worker who incorporates “Tantric Bodywork” into her services. She paints a very sad portrait of the dynamics of the “enormous sex industry” in which millions of stressed and unhappy men seek out “erotic release” from women who are just as unhappy and stressed as their clients. She observes that there is a “culturally rampant phenomenon that spouses are disconnected from each other.”

To remedy this tragic interplay of exploitation, she has turned to Tantric Union to give her clients what she feels is not just sex but “union with the divine.” After she read a book called Women of the Light: The New Sacred Prostitute, she turned her erotic business into a “temple.” Of this temple, she says it is:

“. . . dedicated to being a haven of the sacred, a home for the embodiment of spirit, filled with altars, sacred objects, plants, art, dreamy sensual music, blissful scents. My space is home to Quan Yin [a Buddhist goddess], crystals blessed by the Entities of John of God [a Brazilian spirit channeler].”1

Now the “multitudes of men” who come to her get much more than they bargained for. In the past, wives and girlfriends needed only to worry about sexually transmitted diseases from cheating husbands and boyfriends, but now their men may also bring home spiritual entities!

Most readers might think that tantra is something exceedingly obscure that would never attract average people. But the movie industry thinks otherwise. In a 2003 movie, Hollywood Homicide (starring Harrison Ford), viewers were presented with a brief snippet of tantric sex in one scene where fellow police officers opened the locker of Ford’s rookie detective partner and out falls a book (which the camera focuses on) about tantra, revealing the side-kick’s spiritual/sexual affinities (incidentally, he also teaches Yoga in the film).2

If Christians begin to incorporate their contemplative proclivities with their sexual lives (a Christian version of tantric sex), the results will be devastating to the church, and we predict sexual perversion will be more rampant than ever. Why? Because if the altered states of consciousness are truly demonic realms (as we believe they are), then tantric sex is another venue of the hidden darkness that Jesus spoke of.

These assertions may sound absurd and far-fetched to some readers, but evidence of the truth of this does exist. For instance, Henri Nouwen (who along with Thomas Merton is one of the top pioneers of the contemplative prayer movement), in his last book before he died, The Sabbatical Journey, favorably revealed how he listened to audio tapes on the seven chakras, which is the basis for tantric sex.3 Also in Nouwen’s book, he makes mention of his encounter with a homosexual mystic named Andrew Harvey, whom Nouwen referred to as his soul friend (spiritual mentor) and how much Harvey’s mysticism had touched him.4 And yet Harvey’s mysticism includes the tantric element; in a 2007 conference (The International Conference on Sacred Sexuality), Harvey led a workshop called Sexual Liberation, Tantra, and Sacred Activism in which Harvey:

. . . show[s] that sexual liberation and Tantra are vital parts of the Divine Mother’s plan for the birth of a new humanity, since they make possible a profound and ecstatic contact with what Andrew calls Divine Eros—a tender passionate dynamic love-connection. True Tantric sexuality gives its’ practitioners access to extraordinary and unified energies which will form the base of a commitment to Sacred Activism.5

Most Christians would have a hard time believing that tantric sex could enter the church. But it’s closer to home than most think. One of the most popular evangelical authors, Gary Thomas, promotes an author who wrote a book on tantric sex.

In Thomas’ highly popular book Sacred Marriage (a book that Focus on the Family and some Calvary Chapels have both promoted and sold), Thomas introduces readers to a woman named Mary Anne McPherson Oliver and to her book Conjugal Spirituality. Thomas favorably references and quotes Oliver several times throughout Sacred Marriage. Who is Mary Anne McPherson Oliver, and why should Christians be concerned about Gary Thomas’ promotion of this woman’s book, Conjugal Spirituality?

On the back of Oliver’s book, it states:

Religious practice as we know it today remains, in effect, “celibate.” Mary Anne Oliver proposes an alternative . . . she examines the spiritual dynamics of long-term relationship.6

You may be wondering, “What does that all mean?” To put it simply, Oliver believes that sexuality and spirituality go together and that couples are missing out because they have not incorporated the two but rather have practiced what she calls a “celibate” spirituality. But she is not just talking about spirituality—she is talking about mystical spirituality!

Oliver received her doctorate in mystical theology at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California, and her book permeates with her mystical persuasions. She describes her “discomfort” regarding present views on sexuality and religion and says she hunted for answers by talking to monks, going on retreats, and even spending an entire (“liturgical”) year at Taize,7 an ecumenical, meditation-promoting community in France. Eventually, she came to identify what she termed “conjugal spirituality.”8

Oliver says that “negative attitudes” and “walls” toward sex have inhibited people and says:

Although the walls are coming down, the separation of sex and spirituality which has been operative since the 4th century has yet to be completely eliminated.9

What exactly is Oliver proposing couples do to remove these “walls”? Very clearly, her message to couples is to turn to mysticism. In dismay, she says that “spiritual counsellors and writers” have not begun to teach the “Upanishads [Hindu scriptures] and Tantric writings as the basis for moral theology for couples” and that “[s]ome still refuse to grant that mystical experience can be associated with erotic love.”10 Oliver says that changes in mainstream theology have prepared the way for “the emergence of conjugal spirituality.”11 We believe those “changes” in theology she refers to that have prepared the way for Oliver’s tantric “conjugal spirituality” is contemplative prayer that has almost fully entered evangelical Christianity today.

Caryl Matrisciana discusses Oliver in her book, Out of India:

[Mary Anne McPherson] Oliver tells readers to use mantras and breath prayers to induce the tantric experience. She says:

“Carl Jung predicted that the West would produce its own Yoga on the basis laid down by Christianity. I believe conjugal spirituality [tantra] to be just such a distinctively Western Yoga.”12

In 1994 (when Oliver’s book came out), she said the public wasn’t quite ready for such a radical view of sexuality. But she spoke optimistically about the future because of the growing interest in mysticism in our society:

“An upsurge of interest in the spiritual life and a renaissance in mystical studies have widened the domain of spirituality.”13

This mysticism that Oliver encourages is experienced through “bodily exercises” that the couple practice together, “creating one’s spiritual space.” Listen to some of her instructions in what she describes as “intercourse on all levels of consciousness”:

  • “Center ‘that whole human reality which some people are beginning to call bodymind.’”14
  • “Two basic movements in which each can contact the core energy of the other and experience the enlarging of the oval inhabited by the divine presence.”15
  • Yin and Yang movements.
  • “Concentrate in the stillness and silence.”16
  • “Meditate using the five senses. Experience the circuit of energy circling slowly through the joined bodies.”17
  • “Focus a few minutes on the breath as a sign of the Spirit’s activity within yourself.”18

In Conjugal Spirituality, Oliver talks favorably about mystic Teilhard de Chardin’s Omega Point* and the “Indian Tantric Yoga tradition . . . spoken of as kundalini potential energy.”19 She describes public sexual ceremonies in which couples practice “Taoist visualizations and meditations, accompanied by breathing exercises” and talks of “[i]nvoking the gods and goddesses.” Oliver says that society may frown on such public displays of sexual mysticism at this time, and couples may have to improvise until restrictions are lifted. She says that “sexual union celebrated [is] an eschatological sign of God’s kingdom where all will be one.”20

It is important to realize here that when Gary Thomas read Oliver’s book, he clearly resonated with it. Otherwise he would not have referred to or quoted from it so many times (over a dozen times in the original edition of Sacred Marriage. This is not guilt by association, but rather guilt by promotion. He may not have directly promoted tantric sex in his book, but he led the horse to water! And when you consider that Sacred Marriage has sold over one million copies (some sources say two million worldwide), this means that countless people have been introduced to a tantric sex advocate, and who knows how many got a copy of Conjugal Spirituality! What Gary Thomas has done is a primary example of how tantric sex is coming into the church.

As believers who are to “shine as lights in the world,” we must flee the deeds of darkness and become “blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst of a crooked and perverse nation” (Philippians 2:15). We cannot do this in our own strength, but Jesus Christ living inside us will enable us through His mercy and grace:

For it is God which worketh in you both to will and to do of his good pleasure. (Philippians 2:13)


*The Omega Point, a term Chardin coined, is when all of humanity and life come into the realization of oneness, unity, and a single consciousness—”the mysterious Center of our centers.”21

Endnotes:

  1. “Can Sex Work Be Shamanic? by Wahkeena Sitka Tidepool Ripple” (https://www.alternativesmagazine.com/40/sitka.html).
  2. This section is from Ray Yungen’s book, For Many Shall Come in My Name (Eureka, MT: Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2008, 2nd Edition, 2020, 8th printing), pp. 115-116.
  3. Henri Nouwen, Sabbatical Journey (New York, NY: Crossroad Publishing, 1998), p. 20.
  4. Ibid., p. 149.
  5. The International Conference on Sacred Sexuality: Andrew Harvey (https://www.bizspirit.com/spkrfullbio/tricon07/harvey.html).
  6. Mary Anne McPherson Oliver, Conjugal Spirituality (Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994), back cover.
  7. See Chris Lawson’s book, https://www.lighthousetrails.com/2016-chris-lawson (Eureka, MT: Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2017).
  8. Mary Anne McPherson Oliver, Conjugal Spirituality, op. cit., p. 1.
  9. Ibid., p. 16.
  10. Ibid., p. 27.
  11. Ibid., p. 18.
  12. Quote by Mary Anne McPherson Oliver, Conjugal Spirituality, p. 109.
  13. Caryl Matrisciana, Out of India (Eureka, MT: Lighthouse Trails Publishing, 2008, 2017, 4th printing), p. 161 citation by Oliver is from Conjugal Spirituality, p. 27.
  14. Mary Anne McPherson Oliver, op. cit., p. 85.
  15. Ibid., p. 91.
  16. Ibid., p. 93.
  17. Ibid.
  18. Ibid., p. 102.
  19. Ibid., p. 97.
  20. Ibid., p. 101.
  21. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man: Exploring Cosmogenesis and Transcendental Humanism in Mid-20th-Century Thought (e-artnow, 2025, Kindle Edition), p. 254.

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